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第三节 美国大学教师薪酬压缩现象
美国关于高校教师薪酬的讨论,还有一项重要的内容叫做薪酬压缩。从理论上来说,薪酬理应随着工作资历的增长而有所增加,即假设教师能力从根本上是与职业成熟度相关的,那么教师薪酬数目应该呈现出与职业成熟度(通过职称和年限测定)成正比的增长趋势。但是,许多学校不能及时调整在职教师的薪酬收入,结果容易导致新进教师收入与资历较老教师收入水平之间没有达到理应达到的差距现象的发生,即当薪酬数目与职业成熟度不成比例时,薪酬压缩就出现了。美国大学教授联合会针对这种情况提出了两个概念:薪酬倒置和薪酬压缩。所谓薪酬倒置是指资历相对较浅教师的薪酬高于资历相对较老教师的薪酬的现象;所谓薪酬压缩是指资历相对较浅教师的薪酬跟资历相对较老教师的薪酬相差不大的现象。[77]本研究中将由非生产因素导致的不同员工群体之间未达到理应达到的收入差距情况统称为薪酬压缩。[78]这种薪酬压缩的情况通常发生在具有不同工作年限资历的教师之间。当然很多情况下都会导致薪酬压缩情况的出现,有些薪酬压缩也是恰当的,比如那些工作很突出的初级职员收入较高就应该视为合理的。而且由于实行签约薪酬制,新入职教师因为其已有的较高学术影响力或潜在的学术能力从而得到较高水平的薪酬,从而导致薪酬压缩现象的发生也是合理的。
一 薪酬压缩概述
凯文·C.邓肯(Kevin C.Duncan)等在研究中提到,许多资历较老的教授发现,许多新入职教师的收入非常接近甚至高于他们的薪酬水平。表3-7是一所公立文科院校1998年全职教师薪酬压缩现象的示意图。从数据中可以清晰地看到高收入的助理教授比低收入的教授仅低2300美元,收入最高的助理教授比收入最高的副教授多2000美元。助理教授的平均收入比副教授的平均收入多100美元。[79]
这种薪酬压缩和倒置现象已经受到了关注,许多学校开始出台新的办法来纠正这种薪酬不公。目前采取的办法主要是:第一,留置学校的部分预算来调整薪酬;第二,寻求合适的方法来确认需要进行公平性调整的教师。所谓寻求合适的方法一般是指按照资历年限和一些其他特征来确定哪类或哪些教师是需要进行公平性调整的教师。另外,教师学术生产力上的差异是调整教师等级评定的关键因素。例如两个工资水平低于预估线且资历较老的教师,拥有同样的工龄但有不同的教学表现,那他们理应受到不同的对待。[80]
表3-7 1998年一所公立文科院校全职教师薪酬压缩示意图
二 薪酬压缩问题产生原因
兰索姆(Ransom)研究发现,在所有领域的工作人员都是资历越高薪酬越高,除了高等院校的教授。由于高等院校分布在全国各地,因此享有较好的买方市场,教授们就必须考虑到流动成本(比如要与家人和朋友分离这种移动因素),这样去其他地方寻求更高薪酬的愿望就受到了很大的影响。因此学校管理者意识到这个问题后,就会不情愿付高工资给那些资历较老的老教师去挽留他们,特别是在老教师的学术生产力又相对不是很突出的情况下。[81]
贝克(Baker)、吉布斯和霍姆斯托尔姆(Gibbs and Holmstrom)的描述性薪酬理论更好地解释了教师薪酬压缩或倒置现象产生的原因。[82]除了与兰索姆相似的观点,认为流动性会降低资历较老教师的薪酬水平以外,另外的重要因素是新进教师在入职时的薪酬会随市场条件变化,因此对新进单位的教师群体来说,薪酬往往会更高。在仔细研究了高校的个体样本之后,三位学者发现,不管是绝对还是相对而言,如果某位教师的薪酬水平下降,其晋升的时间就会加长,但是反过来较高的薪酬增长水平则会促进更快的晋升。表现最好的教师就被提升到更高并且有更严格要求任务的职位上。同样,创造力较强的教师就会有较高的收入增长,较早的晋升,薪酬就会得到较快的增长。
在凯文·C.邓肯等的研究中,如表3-7所示的全职教授的平均薪酬为51000美元,但是如果排除那些晋升比较快、晋升时间比平均时间短的教师的话,全职教授的平均薪酬实际上降为49000美元。也就是说晋升比较慢的教授拉低了全体教师的平均薪酬水平。这个结果也就与贝克、吉布斯和霍姆斯托尔姆的理论相符,表现优秀的教师会得到较快的晋升,薪酬增长幅度也较快。
三 薪酬压缩发展态势
近些年来薪酬压缩的现象得到了改观。美国大学教授联合会发布的2016—2017年度报告中指出[83],与前一年度相比,美国教师的薪酬整体上增长了2.6%,由于生活成本增长速度比上一年度增幅略大,考虑通货膨胀因素,实际增长了0.5%。2016—2017学年具体到职称上,教授的平均薪酬为102402美元,副教授的平均薪酬为79654美元,助理教授的平均薪酬为69206美元。总体来讲,在整个群体中,教授的薪酬水平比上一年度增长的绝对值最大,为2956美元;其次是副教授,为2462美元;最后是助理教授,为2224美元。从增长幅度来看,教授为0.6%,副教授为1.2%,助理教授为1.5%,尽管资历最浅的教师薪酬看起来增长幅度最大,但是这并不意味着存在薪酬压缩或倒置的情况。没有证据显示存在薪资倒置的现象:助理教授的平均薪资,并不比资历比他们老的副教授或教授高;而且也不存在薪资压缩现象:高低级别之间的差距可能略有缩小,但是助理教授在现有薪资水平上要赶超副教授,还需要花费很长的时间。
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