Abstract

Commencing in 1980s，the large-scale population mobility and urbanization wave has been one of the events with most profound influences on Chinese economic society since reform and open-up. By the end of 2010，China’s migrant workers have reached 240 million，and migrant workers have become the main part of industrial workers in China. At present and in 10-20 years in future，it is the period of rapid growth of Chinese urbanization，but meanwhile，it is also the period that various problems and contradictions concentrates and erupts in the process of urbanization. Whether these problems and contradictions can be properly resolved to promote migrant workers to integrate into cities and complete the citizenization process，is not only related to self-development and welfare for this huge social group，but also related to whether our urbanization is able to proceed smoothly and harmonious socialist society can be established indeed.In this connection，we selected some typical cities in the most developed area in Chinese economy and most concentrated area of migrant workers-Yangtze River Delta，Pearl River Delta and three metropolises of Beijing，Tianjin and Tangshan，from the levels of economy，society and cultural psychology，we made deep research and study on current citizenization status of migrant workers and reached the following conclusions：

From level of economy，the migrant workers’ economic living condition is not optimistic. In terms of employment and income，comparing to ordinary citizens，migrant workers are featured as fast work changing frequency，high unemployment rate and bad employment stability. Initiatively and passively changing jobs and unemployment put them in unstable state of city life and has direct influence on their economic income. To view from the overall situations，the income level of migrant workers only can meet the low level living needs，not enough to support the living style identical or close to local citizens. The low income level in the whole makes migrant workers fail to make the ends meet. In the aspect of living consumption and expenses，the daily consumption expenditure are mainly focused on survivability expenditure like necessaries （such as food，articles and clothing）and house rent，rarely focused on culture，education，entertainment and accumulation of self-development. Especially in residential aspect，except for few people have their own houses，most of migrant workers have to stay in temporary places such as dormitories provided by companies，simple work sheds，employers home or rented houses. At present，the expenses on house rent has exceeded 1/5 of total family income of migrant workers nationwide. Over 40% migrant workers believed that the house rent has reached or beyond their bearing capability.

From level of society，the migrant workers are gradually adjusting and re-knitting their social network in daily life. On the one hand，the primary relation on the basis of blood relationship and geo-relationship is still the strong bonding relationship in their social network. The migrant workers obtain social support in urban life mainly from this strong bonding relationship. On the other hand，with the way of living transferred from agricultural production to non-agricultural industries，the migrant workers are gradually establishing the new social links on the reference of urban society and on the basis of occupation relationship. The social relations network established by migrant workers is becoming the important capital on which they depend to live and develop and finally integrate into the cities.

From the level of cultural psychology，the urban adapting and social satisfaction of migrant workers are generally not high；the identity degree and sense of belonging are not strong；the extent of integration is low. It is typical sub-culture attributed. In our investigations，the adaption extent of migrant workers to the urban society is between “ordinary” and “relatively ordinary”；the social satisfaction is “ordinary”，and the identity extent is in middle level of better than “ordinary”；psychological integration degree is basically in the “not-yet integrated” low level.

The study found that the citizenization status of migrant workers such as social adaption，living satisfaction and urban integration has prominent positive correlations with the economic life in cities such as profession，economic income. Generally speaking，with the more sufficient employment，the higher income level and the stronger power of consumption，the urban social satisfaction will be higher and the migrant workers are capable to adapt and integrate into the city in which they live. On the contrary，when economic income of migrant workers often can’t make ends meet and in the state of survivability-oriented consumption for long time，their urban adaption and social satisfaction are dramatically low and affect their citizenization process. In another word，to realize full employment is still one of essential issues which affect migrant workers’ economic life and city entering. At present，migrant workers are still facing a series of barriers such as institutional barrier，economical barrier and marketization barrier，these barriers not only make the migrant workers unable to equally compete with citizens in labor market，but also put them in relatively isolated and marginal conditions. These barriers have become the major shackles to affect and hold back the citizenization of migrant workers.

With the speeding up of reform pace，the citizenized household registration threshold of migrant workers is gradually weakened，but high citizenized cost caused by the differential welfare arrangement attached to the household registration system is becoming the important threshold to affect migrant workers’ citizenization. Establishing diversified cost sharing mechanism will become the key to break through the citizenized cost and promote citizenization of migrant workers.

The process of migrant workers’ entering the city is divided into two stages of social adaption and self-development. In the stage of social adaption，the more social relations and the more extensive range of social interaction network they established，the process of social adaption will be smoother and the social adaption extent will be higher and easier to enter and integrate the urban society. On the contrary，for the migrant workers who have narrow or even broken social interaction network，their social adaption extent and social integration will be worse. In the stage of self-development，the more heterogeneity elements exist in their social network and closer the relationship connect with the weakness，their ability to grab the urban society resources will be stronger and self-developing degree and social satisfaction will be higher. Therefore，whether the rational and efficient social network can be constructed in the new social environment is the fundamental condition and critical factor to affect migrant worker entering the city and realizing citizenization.

The process of social adaption and urban integration of migrant workers is not the process of replacing rurality by urbanity，but the additive process of urbanity over rurality. There are two modern meaningful transforms in this process：Firstly，migrant worker added new type occupation relation apart from traditional blood relationship and geo-relationship. Although this relation is much more on the basis of homogeneous group，it started to transform to modern social division of labor. Secondly，migrant workers added specific objective motive and tool rationality to their social activities then started to change into modern living style.