模块一　章节题库（含名校考研真题）

第一部分　英　国

第1章　土地和人民

I. Multiple Choice.

1Which of the following is not a political division on the island of Great Britain?

A. England

B. Scotland

C. Northern Ireland

D. Wales

【答案】C

【解析】大不列颠岛上共有三个政治分区，分别为England（位于南部，面积最大、人口最稠密），Scotland（位于北部，拥有三大自然区：北部高地、中部低地和南部丘陵）和Wales（位于西部）。Ireland是大不列颠岛之外的另一个岛屿，包含英国的Northern Ireland和the Republic of Ireland。故选C。

2Most people in Northern Ireland are ______.

A. Catholics

B. Protestants

C. Presbyterians

D. Nonconformists

【答案】B

【解析】新教徒多为联合派，主张留在英国。1920年北爱尔兰成立时，它的地理位置使得那里的联合派为多数人。C项为苏格兰国教长老会教徒。D项为非国教徒，人数很少。

3The two large islands that make up the British Isles are ______.

A. Scotland and Ireland

B. Britain and Scotland

C. Great Britain and Northern Ireland

D. Great Britain and Ireland

【答案】D

【解析】不列颠群岛由两座大的岛屿和无数小岛组成。两座大岛分别是大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛（Great Britain and Ireland）。英国由不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）以及爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰和周围5500个小岛（海外领地）组成。故选D。

4Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector?

A. Shell.

B. ICI.

C. RTZ.

D. British Gas.

【答案】B

【解析】ICI是英国帝国化学工业集团的简称，是闻名的纯碱与肥料的制造厂商，不属于能源公司，故选B。A项为英荷皇家壳牌集团，是全球领先的国际油气集团。C项为英国里奥廷托锌公司。D项是英国天然气集团。

5Manchester is nicknamed as ______ of the world.

A. Cottonopolis

B. Iron City

C. Ghost City

D. Automobile City

【答案】A

【解析】曼彻斯特是棉纺织工业的发祥地。两百多年前，在这里诞生了世界上最早的近代棉纺织大工业，揭开了工业革命的序幕。曼彻斯特也随着棉纺工业的出现成为新一代大工业城市的先驱，因此被称作“棉都”（Cottonopolis）。故选A。

6Rolls-Royce is world famous for ______.

A. machine tools

B. household appliances

C. luxury automobiles

D. high-quality knives and hand tools

【答案】C

【解析】1906年劳斯莱斯（Rolls—Royce）在英国宣布正式成立，主营奢华轿车，是汽车王国尊荣高贵的唯一标志。无论劳斯莱斯的款式如何老旧，造价多么高昂，至今仍然没有挑战者。

II. Fill in the blanks.

1London plays a significant role in _____ economic and cultural life. It’s not only the financial _____ of the nation, but also one of _____ major international financial centers in_____.

【答案】Britain’s; center; the three; the world

【解析】伦敦是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心，与美国纽约、法国巴黎和日本东京并列为世界四大世界级城市之一。

2The beef industry was hit badly by _____ which caused a ban on beef exports in 1996.

【答案】BSE disease

【解析】疯牛病1985年首次发现，接下来几年间迅速蔓延，导致1996年欧盟正式禁止英国向欧盟其他成员国出口牛肉。

3Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first practical _____ in 1937.

【答案】jet engine

【解析】弗朗克·惠特尔(1907-1996)英国发明家，于1937年改进了飞机喷气发动机。

4A low rate of _____ coupled with a very high rate of _____ is a characteristic of the UK economy.

【答案】domestic industrial investment; overseas investment

【解析】英国经济的特点是国内产业增长低迷，海外投资异常活跃，所以应填低国内产业投资率、高海外投资率。

5The _____ of goods from British colonies and the _____ of these goods all over the world became the key to British prosperity.

【答案】importation; exportation

【解析】殖民时期，从殖民地进口廉价货物再向其他国家出口，成为英国经济繁荣的重要因素。

6The two important crops in Britain are _____.

【答案】wheat and barley

【解析】英国的主要农作物有大麦，小麦，同时也生产土豆，油菜和甜菜。

7Britain has traditionally been a manufacturing nation and was once known as the _____. It has established a comprehensive industrial system capable of producing varied goods. Britain’s largest manufacturing industry is the _____ industry.

【答案】workshop of the world; iron and steel

【解析】18世纪末十九世纪初的工业革命使英国工厂制代替了手工工场，用机器代替了手工，生产力得到巨大提高，成为“世界工厂”。钢铁业是英国最大的制造工业。

8The capital of Scotland is _____, which is well known for its natural_____.

【答案】Edinburgh；beauty

【解析】苏格兰首府爱丁堡是一个历史悠久、风景秀丽的文化城市，素有“北方雅典”之称，还有“欧洲最美丽城市”之誉。

III. Explain the terms or expressions in English.

1Privatization (北外2009研)

【答案】The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive program of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas and aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.

2Nationalization (北外2003研)

【答案】Nationalization referred to an extensive program carried out by the Labor party who came into power in the general election of July 1945. The government reached such important achievements as the nationalization of the hospitals, of the Bank of England and of many industries including coal in 1946, electricity in 1947 and the railways in 1948. The program played a significant role in the country’s economic recovery from the crisis caused by the Second World War. However, in Britain’s mixed economy, nationalized industries account for just ten percent of the Gross National Product, eight percent of all employees and yet almost twenty percent of total industrial investment.

IV. Answer the questions.

1How does the British climate influence characters of English people?

【答案】(1) The weather in England is very changeable. People can never be sure when the different types of weather will occur. This uncertainty tends to make Englishmen cautious.

(2) The English weather has also helped to make the Englishman adaptable, since whatever the weather conditions they met abroad, they had already experienced something alike at home.

2How does the British government make efforts to protect the interests of consumers?

【答案】(1) Britain has passed laws requiring producers and sellers to provide healthy foods, the description and performance of goods, and pricing information. Businesses must pass health and safety inspections. The government has the power to punish profiteers who act in violation of the interests of consumers.

(2) To deter businessmen from making illegal gains by cheating, Britain has passed harsh laws against unethical (unfair) competition which also includes counterfeiting and the production of false and shoddy goods.

(3) Consumers are entitled to claim damage if their rights are violated.

(4) The fundamental function of the law to prevent people from injuring each other has been expanded to cover almost every field.

3What are the main factors responsible for Britain’s decline in economic status after WWII? (西安外国语学院2006研)

【答案】The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth. There are mainly four reasons for the relative economic decline:①Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war; ②British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence; ③Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during the process of decolonization; ④Britain also lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products.

4What are the features of service industries in modern Britain? (中山大学2010研)

【答案】(1) Service industries is a very important sector in modern Britain’s economy, now producing 65% of the national health, such as banking, insurance, tourism, advertising and the selling of goods and employing 70% of UK’s workforce.

(2) Internationalization is an important feature of British service industries since it is a major international provider of services, accounting for about 10% of the world’s exports of such service.

(3) In the service industries, financial sector is important with London as one of the top 3 financial centers in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounting for 20% of all international bank loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market; one of the busiest share-dealing centers in the world—the London Stock Exchange.

(4) Advertising is another major business service in which UK companies are highly successful.

5Give comments on the social structure in Britain.

【答案】(1) British society is made up of three classes: the upper class, the middle class and the working class.

(2) The upper classes emerged during the Middle Ages. They played key political roles on the Monarch’s councils, in the House of Lords in Parliament, and in local government.

(3) The middle class began to rise since the 14th century and evolved rapidly in the 18th century as more and more people became involved in businesses and professions and became wealthier.

(4) The working-class includes agricultural laborers before the Industrial Revolution, mining and factory workers during the Industrial Revolution and employees in service industries nowadays.

(5) As time went by, several changes on class distinctions have taken place in Britain: ①Today only a small number of people are considered upper class, and their former influence in conservative politics has been largely taken over by wealthy people in the middle class.②As technological advances have expanded the ranks of affluent professionals, managers, administrators, and technical experts, a proportion of the working population has shifted into these positions and now identify themselves as middle class. ③The British economy has created many semiprofessional and technical jobs, which, together with the rowing national affluence and the increasingly widespread distribution of capital, has blurred class lines, as more money in the form of stocks, bonds, property, and bank accounts is in more hands. ④There is less inequality in wealth, due in part to the spread of home ownership, and government programs have been created to help equalize access to health services and education.